Методические материалы Лохтурова Вячеслава

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====== Средства программирования shell ======

  * [[http://lib.ru/unixhelp/unixshell.txt|Интерпретатор командного языка shell]]
  * [[http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashFAQ|Часто задаваемые вопросы про bash (eng)]]
  * [[https://habrahabr.ru/post/335960/|Играючи BASH'им]]
  * [[https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/159513/what-are-the-shells-control-and-redirection-operators|What are the shell's control and redirection operators?]]

  * [[https://youtu.be/GxVmukxVUo0|Видео урок]]

  * [[https://www.tutorialspoint.com/execute_bash_online.php|Execute Bash Shell Online]]
  * [[https://www.shellcheck.net/|ShellCheck finds bugs in your shell scripts.]]

===== Проверка синтаксиса =====

  * [[https://www.shellcheck.net/wiki/]]

<code>
# apt install shellcheck

$ shellcheck webd/webd
</code>
===== Переменные окружения =====

  * [[Переменные окружения]]

===== Объединение команд =====

==== Последовательность команд в строке ====

  * [[https://ss64.com/bash/read.html|read]]

<code>
$ echo -n "Enter Name: "; read a; echo Hello $a

$ sleep 3; echo -e "\007"
</code>

==== Последовательности команд в текстовом файле ====
<code>
$ cat ex1.txt
</code><code>
echo -n "Enter Name: "
read p
echo Hello $p
</code><code>
$ sh ex1.txt

$ . ex1.txt
</code>

==== Последовательности команд в выполняемом файле ====
<code>
$ cat ex1.sh
</code><code>
#!/bin/sh
echo -n "Enter Name: "
read p
echo Hello "$p !!!"
</code><code>
$ chmod +x ex1.sh

$ ex1.sh

$ /home/userX/ex1.sh

$ ./ex1.sh
</code>

==== Последовательность команд в функции ====
<code>
$ mycd () {
> cd $1
> PS1="`pwd` $ "
> }
</code>

===== Примеры простых алгоритмов и вариантов использования =====

  * [[Коды завершения#Проверка наличия аргументов в скриптах]]

==== Целочисленный цикл (поиск хостов в подсети) ====

  * [[Утилита nmap#Ping диапазона адресов с verbose и debug]]

<code>
$ cat test_ping.sh
</code><code>
#!/bin/sh

#test -z $1 && exit 1
#[ "$1" ] || { echo Example: ./test_ping.sh 10.5.11; exit 1; }

i=1
while [ $i -lt 254 ]
do
  test $i = 50 && continue
  ping -c 1 -W 1 $1.$i > /dev/null 2>&1 && echo $1.$i || echo No $i
  i=$(($i + 1))
done
</code><code>
$ cat arp_ping.sh
</code><code>
#!/bin/sh

test $# -lt 1 && exit 1

i=1
while :
do
  ip=$1.$i

  ping -c 1 -W 1  $ip >/dev/null
  ip n | grep "$ip " | grep -q  ':..:..:' && echo $ip

  i=$(($i + 1))
  test $i -eq 254 && break
done
</code>
==== Цикл for - обработка множеств (массовое переименование файлов) ====
<code>
for i in *sample; do cp $i ${i%.sample}; done
</code>

==== Чтение полей из файла ====
<code>
$ cat readifs.sh
</code><code>
#!/bin/sh
IFS=:
while read a b c d e f g
do
  echo "$a $g"
done < /etc/passwd
</code><code>
#!/bin/sh
for i in `cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd`
do
  echo user $i
done
</code>

==== Перехват сигналов ====
<code>
$ cat trap.sh
#!/bin/sh
trap "echo got signal 2; date" 2
while : ; do
	cat <<MENU
**********
* Exit ? *
*  Yes   *
*  No    *
**********
MENU
        echo -n "Enter your choose: "
        read a
        case $a in
        [Yy][eE][sS])
                echo "Success"
                exit 0
                ;;
        *)
                echo "Not Success"
                ;;
        esac
done
</code>

==== Использование файловых дескрипторов ====

Параллельное чтение двух файлов

<code>
$ cat report.sh
</code><code>
#!/bin/sh

exec 3<file1.txt
exec 4<file2.txt

exec 0<&3
while read a
do
        exec 0<&4
        read b
        exec 0<&3
        echo $a $b
done
</code>

==== Передача сообщений в syslog ====

<code>
$ cat log_gen.sh
</code><code>
while :
do
  logger -t cisco -p local0.info "Message 1"
  logger -t cisco -p local0.info "Message 2"
done
</code><code>
$ sh cisco_log_gen.sh
</code>
===== Примеры использования скриптов sh в системах загрузки =====

==== Система загрузки rc.local (устаревший способ) ====
<code>
# cat /etc/rc
</code><code>
#!/bin/sh

/usr/sbin/sshd
</code>
==== Система загрузки SysV (Linux) ====

=== Запуск сервисов ===
<code>
# cat /etc/init.d/ssh 
</code><code>
#!/bin/sh

if [ "$1" = start ]
then
        echo Starting sshd...
        /usr/sbin/sshd
elif [ "$1" = stop ]
then
        echo Stopping sshd...
        kill -TERM `cat /var/run/sshd.pid`
        while [ -e /var/run/sshd.pid ]
        do 
                sleep 1
        done
else 
        echo Usage:
        echo "$0 start|stop"
fi
</code><code>
# cd /etc/init.d
# ln -s ../init.d/ssh /etc/rc2.d/S10ssh
# ln -s ../init.d/ssh /etc/rc0.d/K15ssh 
# ln -s ../init.d/ssh /etc/rc6.d/K25ssh

# cat /etc/init.d/rc
</code><code>
#!/bin/sh

runlevel=$1

for s in /etc/rc${runlevel}.d/[SK]*; do
  if test $s != ${s##/etc/rc${runlevel}.d/S??}  
  then 
    $s start
  else
    $s stop
  fi
done
</code><code>
# chmod +x /etc/init.d/rc

# /etc/init.d/rc 2

# /etc/init.d/rc 0
</code>

==== Система загрузки rc.NG (NetBSD, FreeBSD) ====

=== Запуск сервисов ===
<code>
$ cat /etc/rc.d/sshd
</code><code>
#!/bin/sh

. /etc/defaults/rc.conf
. /etc/rc.conf

case "$sshd_enable" in
[Yy][Ee][Ss])
        if [ "$1" = start ]
        then
                echo Starting sshd...
                /usr/sbin/sshd
        elif [ "$1" = stop ]
        then
                echo Stopping sshd...
                kill -s TERM `cat /var/run/sshd.pid`
                while [ -e /var/run/sshd.pid ]
                do 
                        sleep 1
                done
        else 
                echo Usage:
                echo '/etc/rc.d/sshd start|stop'
        fi
        ;;
esac
</code><code>
$ cat /etc/rc.conf
</code><code>
...
sshd_enable=YES
...
</code><code>
$ cat /etc/rc
</code><code>
#!/bin/sh

for i in /etc/rc.d/*
do
        $i $1
done
</code>

=== Настройка сетевых маршрутов ===
<code>
$ cat /etc/rc.conf
</code><code>
static_routes="wg1 wg2"
route_wg1="10.10.10.0/24 10.10.106.100"
route_wg2="10.10.20.0/24 10.10.106.100"
</code><code>
$ cat /etc/rc.d/routing
</code><code>
#!/bin/sh
. /etc/rc.conf
for i in ${static_routes} 
do
    eval route_arg=\$route_${i}
    route add $route_arg
done
</code>

=== Настройка сетевых интерфейсов ===
<code>
$ cat /etc/rc.conf
</code><code>
...
ifconfig_fxp0="inet 10.5.2.17/24"
ifconfig_fxp0_alias0="inet 10.5.2.18/32"
ifconfig_fxp0_alias1="inet 10.5.2.19/32"
ifconfig_fxp0_alias2="inet 192.168.15.1/24"
...
</code><code>
$ cat /etc/rc.d/netif
</code><code>
#!/bin/sh

. /etc/rc.conf

for intf in `ifconfig | grep mtu | cut -d: -f1`
do
        eval args=\$ifconfig_$intf
        if [ -n "$args" ]
        then
                ifconfig $intf $args
                alias=0
                while : ; do
                        eval ifconfig_args=\$ifconfig_${intf}_alias${alias}
                        if [ -n "${ifconfig_args}" ]
                        then
                                ifconfig $intf ${ifconfig_args} alias
                                alias=$((${alias} + 1))
                        else
                                break
                        fi
                done
        fi
done
</code>

===== Дополнительные материалы =====

==== Расширения BASH ====
<code>
$ echo a{1..5}b

$ echo a{1,3,5}b
</code>
==== CGI на shell ====

  * [[http://underpop.online.fr/c/cgi/docs/creating-cgi-programs-with-bash/|Creating CGI Programs with Bash: Introduction]]
  * [[https://debian-administration.org/article/371/A_web_server_in_a_shell_script|A web server in a shell script]]
  * [[https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16640054/minimal-web-server-using-netcat|Minimal web server using netcat]]
  * [[https://funprojects.blog/2021/04/11/a-web-server-in-1-line-of-bash/|A Web Server in 1 Line of Bash Code]]

==== Web сервер на shell ====

  * [[Сервис HTTP]]
  * [[Переменные окружения#Чтение значений переменных окружения]]

<code>
# cat /usr/local/sbin/webd
</code><code>
#!/bin/bash
base=/var/www
#log=/var/log/webd.log

read request
##echo "$request" >> $log       # for educational demonstration

filename="${request#GET }"
filename="${filename% HTTP/*}"

test $filename = "/" && filename="/index.html"

filename="$base$filename"

while :
do
  read -r header
##  echo "$header" >> $log       # for educational demonstration
  [ "$header" == $'\r' ] && break;
##  [ "$header" == $'' ] && break;    # for STDIN/STDOUT educational demonstration
done

if [ -e "$filename" ]
then
#  echo `date` OK $filename on `hostname` >> $log
  echo -e "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r"
  echo -e "Content-Type: $(/usr/bin/file -bi $filename)\r"
  echo -e "\r"
  /bin/cat "$filename"
else
#  echo "$(date)" ERR $filename on "$(hostname)" >> "$log"
  echo -e "HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found\r"
  echo -e "Content-Type: text/html;\r"
  echo -e "\r"
  echo -e "<h1>File $filename Not Found</h1>"
#  ip=$(awk '/32 host/ { print f } {f=$2}' /proc/net/fib_trie | sort -u | grep -v 127.0.0.1)
#  echo -e "Host: $(hostname), IP: $ip, ver 1.1"
fi
</code>

<code>
# chmod +x /usr/local/sbin/webd
</code>

==== Ресурсы Web сервера на shell ====
<code>
# mkdir /var/www

# cat /var/www/index.html
</code><code>
<html>
<h1>Hello from corpX</h1>
<img src=img/logo.gif>
</html>
</code><code>
# mkdir /var/www/img
</code>

<code>
# wget -O /var/www/img/logo.gif http://val.bmstu.ru/unix/Media/logo.gif
</code>

  * [[Сервис INETD]]
==== Проверка ====

<code>
http://server.corpX.un/
</code>
==== Asterisk AGI ====

  * [[Сервис Asterisk#Asterisk AGI]]


==== Использование диалоговых окон ====

<code>
ansible-pull-gpo# cat start.sh
</code><code>
#!/bin/bash

on_off() {
        grep -q "$1" "$2" && echo ON || echo OFF
}

if [ -z ${BR+x} ]; then echo -e "Variable BR (branch) is not set, specify, for example\nexport BR=master"; exit 1; fi

apt update || exit 0

apt install dialog ansible git -y

GP_OP_FILE=/usr/local/etc/gpo_options.yml
GP_EX_FILE=/usr/local/bin/ansible-pull-gpo.sh

TEMP_FILE=$(mktemp -t 'XXXX')

touch "$GP_OP_FILE"

dialog  --title "Configurations, Roles and Programs"  --clear --nocancel\
        --checklist "Choose Options" 19 56 15 \
        CONF_RUS_INT: "Russian Interface" "$(on_off CONF_RUS_INT "$GP_OP_FILE")" \
        PROG_THBIRD: "Mail client Thunderbird" "$(on_off PROG_THBIRD "$GP_OP_FILE")" \
        ROLE_ZAB_AG: "Zabbix Agent" "$(on_off ROLE_ZAB_AG "$GP_OP_FILE")" \
        ROLE_OVPN1_CL: "OpenVPN Client" "$(on_off ROLE_OVPN1_CL "$GP_OP_FILE")" \
2>"$TEMP_FILE"

< "$TEMP_FILE" tr " " "\n" > "$GP_OP_FILE"

rm "$TEMP_FILE"

echo -e "\nEND:" >> "$GP_OP_FILE"

echo "/usr/bin/ansible-pull -U http://server.corpX.un/student/ansible-pull-gpo.git -C $BR -e @$GP_OP_FILE" > "$GP_EX_FILE"

chmod +x "$GP_EX_FILE"

##exit 0

echo -e "0 */2 * * * sleep \${RANDOM:0:2}m; $GP_EX_FILE\n@reboot sleep 3m; $GP_EX_FILE" | crontab -

"$GP_EX_FILE"

#apt upgrade -y

#reboot
</code>

=== Использование программы whiptail (Linux) ===

  * [[http://rus-linux.net/MyLDP/consol/whiptail.html|Создание диалоговых боксов в интерактивных скриптах оболочки]]
  * [[https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/286103/change-edit-text-of-whiptail-gauge|Change/edit text of whiptail gauge]]

=== Использование программы dialog (FreeBSD) ===


<code>
[radio:~] $ cat /usr/local/bin/internet.sh
</code><code>
#!/bin/sh

file=`mktemp -t ''`

dialog  --title "Radio internet"  --clear \
        --checklist "Choose inet for rooms" 19 56 15 \
        1 "Class 1" ON \
        2 "Class 2" ON \
        3 "Class 3" ON \
        4 "Class 4" ON \
        5 "Class 5" ON \
        6 "Class 6" ON \
        7 "Class 7" ON \
        8 "Class 8" ON \
        9 "Class 9" ON \
        10 "Class 10" ON \
        11 "Class 11" ON \
        12 "Class 12" ON 2>$file

case $? in
  0)
        sed -i '' 's/"//g' $file
        for i in `cat $file` 13 50 100 150 200 201 254
        do
                echo 10.5.${i}.0/24
        done > /usr/local/etc/acl/radio_nets.acl
        sudo /etc/rc.d/pf reload
        ;;
esac
rm $file
</code><code>
[radio:~] $ cat /etc/pf.conf
</code><code>
table <radio_nets> persist file "/usr/local/etc/acl/radio_nets.acl"
table <squid_nets> persist file "/usr/local/etc/acl/squid_nets.acl" 

nat on dc0 from <radio_nets> to any -> (dc0)
rdr proto tcp from <squid_nets> to !<radio_nets> port 80 -> 127.0.0.1 port 3128
</code><code>
[radio:~] # grep manager /usr/local/etc/sudoers
</code><code>
%manager  ALL = NOPASSWD: /etc/rc.d/pf reload
</code>
==== Работа с mysql ====
<code>
sql="select uuid from accounts where uuid=\"$person_uuid\""

uuid=`mysql mybd -B --skip-column-names -e "$sql"`

sql="update accounts set uuid=\"$person_uuid\" where uuid=\"$stage_uuid\""

mysql mybd -B --skip-column-names -e "$sql"
</code>

===== Отладка =====

<code>
set +x
set -n
</code>
Методические материалы Лохтурова Вячеслава

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